The effects of tank colours on the growth and survival of cuttlefish (Sepia officinalis,Linnaeus 1758) hatchlings and juveniles

The effects of different tank colours (white, yellow sandy and black) on the growth, mortality and biomass production were studied for hatchling and early juvenile cuttlefish. For hatchlings, the use of different colour tanks did not promote differences in growth due to the higher variability (standard deviation) found in the white‐ and sand‐coloured tanks. Black tanks promoted the lowest and highest values for total mortality and biomass respectively. For juveniles, the use of different tank colours promoted different growth (P<0.05), but not mortality. Black tanks promoted the best results in terms of growth and biomass. The results obtained in the present study advise the use of black (or dark colour) tanks in the hatchling and early juvenile stages to reduce the standard deviations associated with growth, mortality and biomass production. This will contribute to minimize problems associated with slow and fast growers and competition.     

Ontogenic development of digestive enzymes in bigfin reef squid (Sepioteuthis lessoniana)

Bigfin reef squid (Sepioteuthis lessoniana) is an economically important exported aquatic animal in Thailand, but little is known about its husbandry, which needs to be clarified. In this study, the ontogenic development of the main digestive enzymes (pepsin, trypsin, chymotrypsin, lipase and amylase) was investigated within 30 days after hatching (DAH). Fertilized eggs of the wild cuttlefish were hatched and then distributed into four replicate aquaria assigned to varying collection times (0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30 DAH). The development of pepsin suggests acidic digestion functionality at 5 DAH, and its specific activity was maintained over the studied period. Specific activities of the serine proteases, trypsin and chymotrypsin, fluctuated significantly with similar pattern, and appear to be the key enzymes contributing ontogenic changes in protein catabolism. The specific activity of lipase was relatively high at 0 DAH, dramatically increased by 5 DAH, and then appeared constant until the end of observations, suggesting important role in utilizing the lipid from yolk at hatching, as well as probably in sparing protein utilization. Dramatic increase in amylase specific activity occurred by 10 DAH after which the activity was constant until 30 DAH, suggesting the utilization of carbohydrate as energy evolves comparatively late. Findings from the current study could be used to manage nutritional protocols according to the digestive enzyme patterns, as well as to develop artificial diets for rearing S. lessoniana.     

Growth performance and nutritional composition of Sepia pharaonis under artificial culturing conditions

This study investigated the growth performance and nutritional composition of scale artificially cultured cuttlefish Sepia pharaonis. Juveniles were cultured in an open‐culturing cement pool system for 120 days. The body weight increased from 10.21 ± 1.44 g to 570.71 ± 126.32 g from 50 days old to 170 days old, and the average growth rate was 4.67%. The proximate, amino acid and fatty acid compositions of S. pharaonis muscles were analysed every 40 days to compare the quality. The cultured S. pharaonis were rich in essential amino acids (EAAs), functional amino acids (FAAs), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), which accounted for 32%, 46%, 28% and 54% (dry weight) respectively. Total amino acids (TAAs) and EAAs exhibited a clear distinction between ages, and significant differences were observed among the levels of individual amino acids, including Pro, Ala, Asp and Lys, which were significantly higher at 130–170 days old than at 50 days old (p < 0.05). Although the total saturated fatty acids, monounsaturated fatty acids and PUFAs were statistically similar between ages, C17:0, C22:6 n‐3 and PUFAs were higher at 130–170 days old than at 50 days old (p < 0.05). The results indicate that large‐scale artificial culture of S. pharaonis can be achieved under the conditions of a cement pool. This study also provides new information regarding the growth performance and nutritional composition of cultured S. pharaonis, which will contribute to the development of aquaculture practices for this species.     

乌贼墨多糖提取物的制备及其对B16F10细胞的影响

为了探索乌贼墨多糖(SIP)对体外培养的B16F10细胞的生物学效应,以乌贼墨为原材料,对SIP进行提取分离,并研究SIP提取物对B16F10细胞活力、细胞内酪氨酸酶活性及黑色素合成等的影响。结果表明,SIP提取的最优条件为提取温度40℃,料液比1∶3,提取时间4h,提取次数3次,在此条件下SIP得率为14.12 mg·g~(-1)。SIP提取物对B16F10细胞形态有一定影响,对细胞活性、酪氨酸酶活性和黑色素合成均有一定抑制作用,且呈现一定剂量效应。综上可知,SIP提取物能抑制黑色素合成,具有作为美白剂的发展前景,这为乌贼墨合理利用提供了一定科学依据。     

Quality Indices of Squid (Photololigo duvaucelii) and Cuttlefish (Sepia aculeata) Stored in Ice

The objective quality indices of squid (Photololigo duvaucelii) and cuttlefish (Sepia aculeata) stored in ice were compared with the subjective counterparts. Sensory (overall quality rating, quality index method [QIM], and multisample difference test), microbiological (total viable count [TVC], psychrophilic count), chemical (trichloroacetic acid-soluble peptide [TCA-soluble peptide], trimethylamine nitrogen [TMA-N], total volatile bases nitrogen [TVB-N], ammonia content, and protein pattern), and physical analyses (expressible drip, color, and texture) were determined in both species during 16 days of iced storage. As storage time increased, TCA-soluble peptide, TVB, ammonia content, and expressible drip were increased (p < 0.05). TMA content was markedly increased after 10 and 8 days of storage in squid and cuttlefish, respectively. Both TVC and psychrophilic count increased as the storage time increased (p < 0.01). Myosin heavy chain was degraded with coincidental decrease in shear force and sensory texture during storage (p < 0.05). According to the overall rating score, shelf life of both species in ice was estimated to be 6 days. The increases in ammonia content and expressible drip were highly correlated with the decrease in overall quality rating and increase in quality index score of squid and cuttlefish (p < 0.01).     

Long Term Rearing of Cuttlefish in a Small Scale Facility

Cephalopods are arguably the most complex and fascinating aquatic invertebrate taxa. Except for a few well known exceptions, this group of organisms has been a challenge to study primarily due to difficulties in rearing and maintaining these animals in a small laboratory setting. Our knowledge about cephalopod rearing comes mainly from large marine centers, with much less known about small scale rearing facilities. This paper describes a bench top (ca. 450 litre) aquarium system that is relatively inexpensive, easy to maintain, and suitable for long term rearing of cuttlefish in the laboratory. This closed aquarium system uses artificial sea water and a biological filter to remove/recycle nitrogenous wastes. The simple design of this system can be easily replicated by inland researchers interested in studying cuttlefish but who have been thwarted by the lack of suitable housing facilities. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Effects of live prey availability on growth and survival in the early stages of cuttlefish Sepia officinalis (Linnaeus, 1758) life cycle

This investigation examined the effects of live prey availability on growth and survival of Sepia officinalis. Two independent experiments, comprising two feed rations each, were performed, using adequate prey size. In the first experiment, cuttlefish hatchlings were fed live mysids, Paramysis nouvelli [(feed ratio I (fr I)], at 15% body weight per day (bw day^?1) (fr I₁₅) and 30% bw day^?1 (fr I₃₀). In the second experiment, juvenile cuttlefish were fed live Atlantic ditch shrimp, Paleomonetes varians (fr II), under the same experimental design. In both experiments, the final mean weight, feeding rate and instantaneous growth rate were higher when animals were fed feed ratio fr II₁₅ and fr II₃₀ (30% bw day^?1). The results indicate that prey availability influenced weight gain, irrespective of the prey used, during the first 2 months of cuttlefish life cycle. This effect seems to be more noticeable when a certain limit of prey is achieved. For cuttlefish fed fr II, the optimal prey density is thought to be under 2.5 g prey L^?1 (i.e. 14 shrimp L^?1). Results indicate that cuttlefish can withstand prey densities up to 120 mysids L^?1 for cuttlefish up to 3 weeks old and 19 shrimps L^?1 for cuttlefish up to 6 weeks old.     

大豆油油墨的发展及其应用

大豆油油墨采用了可再生的大豆油作为原料,大大节省了全球石油资源,具有鲜明的环境保护的优点.将其应用于印刷生产中,使油墨污染程度降到最低程度,符合了世界环境保护的要求,是造福全人类的一项先进技术.本文介绍了环保型大豆油油墨的特点、发展及其应用.     

Lipid characterization of both wild and cultured eggs of cuttlefish (Sepia officinalis L.) throughout the embryonic development

The present work reports a characterization of mean wet weight and moisture, the lipid class and fatty acid (FA) composition from the total lipids (TL), of both culture and wild eggs of the cuttlefish, Sepia officinalis , throughout the embryonic development. Additionally, reproductive data, such as the number of spawnings, number and mean weight of eggs and duration of spawning period of cultured cuttlefish is provided. Both types of eggs were similar in mean wet weight, moisture content, TL content and lipid composition throughout embryonic development. Females from the cultured group spawned 13 times and laid 8654 eggs in 64 days, with a mean weight of 0.607 ± 0.179 g. A sex ratio of 1.57 (11♀ for 7♂) promoted an individual fecundity of 787 eggs/♀ (the biggest until now on our culture facilities), which might be related to increased bottom areas. The TL increased with day/stage of embryonic development ( P  < 0.05) only in the cultured egg group. However, no differences were found on TL between culture and wild eggs at the same day/stage ( P  > 0.05). Eggs displayed predominant levels of phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), cholesterol and triacylglycerol at the end of embryonic development. Polar and neutral lipids of both eggs groups remained consistently proportional (∼50% for each lipid fraction) and a significant increase ( P  < 0.05) was observed in phosphatidylserine, PE and free FA throughout the embryonic development. In either egg type and day, 16:0, 18:0, 20:5n-3 and 22:6n-3 accounted for approximately 70 g Kg⁻¹ of all FA and saturated and n-3 totals seemed to have the same proportion in the cuttlefish eggs. The present results suggest that lipids are not used as energetic substrate but as structural components in cuttlefish egg.